Genetic engineering – also
known more scientifically as genetic modification or recombinant
DNA technology – is the process of moving genes
from one genome to another. This technology makes it possible to
change an aspect of the biological functioning of an organism by
altering its genetic material (usually DNA). For example, the techniques
of genetic engineering have made it possible to create new genomes
in organisms ranging from bacteria to sheep which can express human
genes and make human proteins!
Genetic modification like this involves locating a desirable gene,
isolating it and then moving it into the genome of another organism
where it will be expressed. The proteins produced in response to
the new piece of DNA may either have a useful effect in the host
cell or may be harvested for use elsewhere. The principles involved
in genetic engineering are the same whether they are applied to
animals, plants or bacteria.
The techniques used in genetic modification are complex. As scientists
gain more experience in the field, the techniques are also becoming
more varied, and more reliable.
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